Negotiation Spaces in Human-computer Collaborative Learning

نویسندگان

  • PIERRE DILLENBOURG
  • MICHAEL BAKER
چکیده

This paper compares the negotiation processes in different learning environments: systems where an artificial agent collaborate with the human learner, and systems where the computer supports collaboration between two human users. We argue that, in learning context, collaboration implies symmetry between agents at the design level and variable asymmetry at the interaction level. Negotiation is described as a collection of different spaces defined with seven dimensions: mode, object, symmetry, complexity, flexibility, systematicity and directness. We observed that humanhuman negotiation jumps between spaces, switching easily between modes of negotiation, connecting the various objects of negotiation while the 'disease' of human-computer collaborative systems was to be fixed within one negotiation space. Résumé. Cet article compare les formes de négociation utilisées dans différents environnements d'apprentissage, au sein desquels soit l’apprenant collabore avec un agent artificiel, soit deux apprenants collaborent via un collecticiel. Dans un contexte éducatif, nous défendons l’idée d’une symétrie entre agents sur le plan de leur conception et d’une asymétrie variable sur le plan de l’exécution. Nous analysons la collaboration dans ces systèmes en termes d’espaces de négociation définis au moyen de 7 dimensions: le mode, l'objet, la symétrie, la complexité, la flexibilité, le caractère plus ou moins systématique des agents et la possibilité de communication indirecte. Nous avons observé que lorsque deux utilisateurs négocient, ils passent fréquemment d'un espace de négociation à un autre, alors que le négociation avec un agent artificiel reste souvent bloquée au sein d'un même espace.

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تاریخ انتشار 1999